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SPECIAL ARTICLES
Designing an ideal operating room complex
SS Harsoor, S Bala Bhaskar
May-June 2007, 51(3):193-199
Designing of an operation theatre complex is a major exercise and is mainly intended to benefit the patient. The need for safety, convenience and economy will guide the planning of a modern operation theatre complex, whatever the size, number or the speciality. Guidelines based on current and widely accepted recommendations as also ones for possible expansion of the operation theatre complex are dealt with in this article.
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BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS
Survey of supraglottic airway devices usage in anaesthetic practice in South Indian State
S Mohideen Abdul Kadar, Rachel Koshy
March 2015, 59(3):190-193
DOI
:10.4103/0019-5049.153044
PMID
:25838594
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EVIDENCE BASED DATA
Current practice of difficult airway management: A survey
MC Rajesh, K Suvarna, S Indu, Taznim Mohammed, A Krishnadas, Priyanka Pavithran
December 2015, 59(12):801-806
DOI
:10.4103/0019-5049.171571
PMID
:26903674
Background and Aims:
Difficult airway (DA) management depends on both training and actual usage of the various approaches in the event of difficulty. The aim of the study was to assess how well the anaesthesiologists are equipped to deal with DA situations. The current practice preference of DA management was also assessed.
Methods:
A questionnaire was distributed in a continuing medical education (CME) programme dedicated to DA and responses were noted and analysed, using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 18.
Results:
The response rate was 73%. Airway assessment was performed by majority. Sixty eight percent consultants and 47% residents were well aware of the American Society of Anesthesiologists' DA algorithm. 67% consultants and 65% residents attended at least one CME on DA in the previous 5 years. There was an overall deficiency of video laryngoscopes, retrograde intubation and cricothyrotomy sets. Most of the respondents were comfortable in using supraglottic airway devices (SGADs). In anticipated DA, the preferred choice of management for junior doctors was attempting conventional method once and awake fibreoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) for the experienced. In unanticipated DA, most of the residents and consultants opted for SGAD. Extubation strategy was similar for both. Thirty four percent of respondents experienced a 'cannot intubate-cannot ventilate' situation at least once.
Conclusion:
Our survey showed that most respondents performed routine pre-operative airway assessment. A good armamentarium of airway gadgets should be made available in hospitals. Further training in techniques like video laryngoscopy, FOB or cricothyrotomy are essential.
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GUIDELINES
All India Difficult Airway Association 2016 guidelines for the management of unanticipated difficult tracheal intubation in adults
Sheila Nainan Myatra, Amit Shah, Pankaj Kundra, Apeksh Patwa, Venkateswaran Ramkumar, Jigeeshu Vasishtha Divatia, Ubaradka S Raveendra, Sumalatha Radhakrishna Shetty, Syed Moied Ahmed, Jeson Rajan Doctor, Dilip K Pawar, Singaravelu Ramesh, Sabyasachi Das, Rakesh Garg
December 2016, 60(12):885-898
DOI
:10.4103/0019-5049.195481
PMID
:28003690
The All India Difficult Airway Association (AIDAA) guidelines for management of the unanticipated difficult airway in adults provide a structured, stepwise approach to manage unanticipated difficulty during tracheal intubation in adults. They have been developed based on the available evidence; wherever robust evidence was lacking, or to suit the needs and situation in India, recommendations were arrived at by consensus opinion of airway experts, incorporating the responses to a questionnaire sent to members of the AIDAA and the Indian Society of Anaesthesiologists. We recommend optimum pre-oxygenation and nasal insufflation of 15 L/min oxygen during apnoea in all patients, and calling for help if the initial attempt at intubation is unsuccessful. Transnasal humidified rapid insufflations of oxygen at 70 L/min (transnasal humidified rapid insufflation ventilatory exchange) should be used when available. We recommend no more than three attempts at tracheal intubation and two attempts at supraglottic airway device (SAD) insertion if intubation fails, provided oxygen saturation remains ≥ 95%. Intubation should be confirmed by capnography. Blind tracheal intubation through the SAD is not recommended. If SAD insertion fails, one final attempt at mask ventilation should be tried after ensuring neuromuscular blockade using the optimal technique for mask ventilation. Failure to intubate the trachea as well as an inability to ventilate the lungs by face mask and SAD constitutes 'complete ventilation failure', and emergency cricothyroidotomy should be performed. Patient counselling, documentation and standard reporting of the airway difficulty using a 'difficult airway alert form' must be done. In addition, the AIDAA provides suggestions for the contents of a difficult airway cart.
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Does our sleep debt affect patients' safety?
Anurag Tewari, Jose Soliz, Federico Billota, Shuchita Garg, Harsimran Singh
January-February 2011, 55(1):12-17
DOI
:10.4103/0019-5049.76572
PMID
:21431047
The provision of anaesthesia requires a high level of knowledge, sound judgement, fast and accurate responses to clinical situations, and the capacity for extended periods of vigilance. With changing expectations and arising medico-legal issues, anaesthesiologists are working round the clock to provide efficient and timely health care services, but little is thought whether the "sleep provider" is having adequate sleep. Decreased performance of motor and cognitive functions in a fatigued anaesthesiologist may result in impaired judgement, late and inadequate responses to clinical changes, poor communication and inadequate record keeping, all of which affect the patient safety, showing without doubt the association of sleep debt to the adverse events and critical incidents. Perhaps it is time that these issues be promptly addressed to prevent the silent perpetuation of a problem that is pertinent to our health and our profession. We endeavour to focus on the evidence that links patient safety to fatigue and sleepiness of health care workers and specifically on anaesthesiologists. The implications of sleep debt are deep on patient safety and strategies to prevent this are the need of the hour.
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BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS
Anaesthetic and airway management of a post-burn contracture neck patient with microstomia and distorted nasal anatomy
Rajni Mathur, Pawan K Jain, Pranay Singh Chakotiya, Pratibha Rathore
March-April 2014, 58(2):210-213
DOI
:10.4103/0019-5049.130834
PMID
:24963193
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REVIEW ARTICLES
Anatomy and physiology of respiratory system relevant to anaesthesia
Apeksh Patwa, Amit Shah
September 2015, 59(9):533-541
DOI
:10.4103/0019-5049.165849
PMID
:26556911
Clinical application of anatomical and physiological knowledge of respiratory system improves patient's safety during anaesthesia. It also optimises patient's ventilatory condition and airway patency. Such knowledge has influence on airway management, lung isolation during anaesthesia, management of cases with respiratory disorders, respiratory endoluminal procedures and optimising ventilator strategies in the perioperative period. Understanding of ventilation, perfusion and their relation with each other is important for understanding respiratory physiology. Ventilation to perfusion ratio alters with anaesthesia, body position and with one-lung anaesthesia. Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, an important safety mechanism, is inhibited by majority of the anaesthetic drugs. Ventilation perfusion mismatch leads to reduced arterial oxygen concentration mainly because of early closure of airway, thus leading to decreased ventilation and atelectasis during anaesthesia. Various anaesthetic drugs alter neuronal control of the breathing and bronchomotor tone.
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Safety features in anaesthesia machine
M Subrahmanyam, S Mohan
September-October 2013, 57(5):472-480
DOI
:10.4103/0019-5049.120143
PMID
:24249880
Anaesthesia is one of the few sub-specialties of medicine, which has quickly adapted technology to improve patient safety. This application of technology can be seen in patient monitoring, advances in anaesthesia machines, intubating devices, ultrasound for visualisation of nerves and vessels, etc., Anaesthesia machines have come a long way in the last 100 years, the improvements being driven both by patient safety as well as functionality and economy of use. Incorporation of safety features in anaesthesia machines and ensuring that a proper check of the machine is done before use on a patient ensures patient safety. This review will trace all the present safety features in the machine and their evolution.
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ARTICLES
Anaesthetic considerations in cardiac patients undergoing non cardiac surgery
Tej K Kaul, Geeta Tayal
July-August 2007, 51(4):280-280
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GUIDELINES
All India Difficult Airway Association 2016 guidelines for the management of unanticipated difficult tracheal intubation in obstetrics
Venkateswaran Ramkumar, Ekambaram Dinesh, Sumalatha Radhakrishna Shetty, Amit Shah, Pankaj Kundra, Sabyasachi Das, Sheila Nainan Myatra, Syed Moied Ahmed, Jigeeshu Vasishtha Divatia, Apeksh Patwa, Rakesh Garg, Ubaradka S Raveendra, Jeson Rajan Doctor, Dilip K Pawar, Singaravelu Ramesh
December 2016, 60(12):899-905
DOI
:10.4103/0019-5049.195482
PMID
:28003691
The various physiological changes in pregnancy make the parturient vulnerable for early and rapid desaturation. Severe hypoxaemia during intubation can potentially compromise two lives (mother and foetus). Thus tracheal intubation in the pregnant patient poses unique challenges, and necessitates meticulous planning, ready availability of equipment and expertise to ensure maternal and foetal safety. The All India Difficult Airway Association (AIDAA) proposes a stepwise plan for the safe management of the airway in obstetric patients. These guidelines have been developed based on available evidence; wherever robust evidence was lacking, recommendations were arrived at by consensus opinion of airway experts, incorporating the responses to a questionnaire sent to members of the AIDAA and the Indian Society of Anaesthesiologists (ISA). Modified rapid sequence induction using gentle intermittent positive pressure ventilation with pressure limited to ≤20 cm H
2
O is acceptable. Partial or complete release of cricoid pressure is recommended when face mask ventilation, placement of supraglottic airway device (SAD) or tracheal intubation prove difficult. One should call for early expert assistance. Maternal SpO
2
should be maintained ≥95%. Apnoeic oxygenation with nasal insufflation of 15 L/min oxygen during apnoea should be performed in all patients. If tracheal intubation fails, a second- generation SAD should be inserted. The decision to continue anaesthesia and surgery via the SAD, or perform fibreoptic-guided intubation via the SAD or wake up the patient depends on the urgency of surgery, foeto-maternal status and availability of resources and expertise. Emergency cricothyroidotomy must be performed if complete ventilation failure occurs.
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Radiological evaluation of airway – What an anaesthesiologist needs to know!
Kinshuki Jain, Nishkarsh Gupta, Mukesh Yadav, Sanjay Thulkar, Sushma Bhatnagar
April 2019, 63(4):257-264
DOI
:10.4103/ija.IJA_488_18
PMID
:31000888
Airway management forms the foundation of any anaesthetic management. However, unanticipated difficult airway (DA) and its sequelae continue to dread any anaesthesiologist. In spite of development of various clinical parameters to judge DA, no single parameter has proved to be accurate in predicting it. Radiological evaluation may help assess the aspects of patient's airway not visualised through the naked eye. Starting from traditional roentgenogram to ultramodern three-dimensional printing, imaging may assist the anaesthesiologists in predicting DA and formulate plan for its management. Right from predicting DA, it has been used for estimating endotracheal tube sizes, assessing airway pathologies in paediatric patients and planning extubation strategies. This article attempts to provide exhaustive overview on radiological parameters which can be utilised by anaesthesiologists for prediction of DA.
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ORIGINAL ARTICLES
Ultrasonography - A viable tool for airway assessment
Preethi B Reddy, Pankaj Punetha, Kolli S Chalam
November 2016, 60(11):807-813
DOI
:10.4103/0019-5049.193660
PMID
:27942053
Background
and
Aims:
Accurate prediction of the Cormack-Lehane (CL) grade preoperatively can help in better airway management of the patient during induction of anaesthesia. Our aim was to determine the utility of ultrasonography in predicting CL grade.
Methods:
We studied 100 patients undergoing general endotracheal anaesthesia. Mallampati (MP) class, thyromental distance (TMD) and sternomental distance (SMD) were noted. Ultrasound measurements of the anterior neck soft tissue thickness at the level of the hyoid (ANS-Hyoid), anterior neck soft tissue thickness at the level of the vocal cords (ANS-VC) and ratio of the depth of the pre-epiglottic space (Pre-E) to the distance from the epiglottis to the mid-point of the distance between the vocal cords (E-VC) were obtained. CL grade was noted during intubation. Chi-square test was employed to determine if there was any statistical difference in the measurements of patients with different CL grades. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and accuracy were calculated for the various parameters.
Results:
The incidence of difficult intubation was 14%. An ANS-VC >0.23 cm had a sensitivity of 85.7% in predicting a CL Grade of 3 or 4, which was higher than that of MP class, TMD and SMD. However, the specificity, PPV and accuracy were lower than the physical parameters. The NPV was comparable.
Conclusion:
Ultrasound is a useful tool in airway assessment. ANS-VC >0.23 cm is a potential predictor of difficult intubation. ANS-Hyoid is not indicative of difficult intubation. The ratio Pre-E/E-VC has a low to moderate predictive value.
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SPECIAL ARTICLES
Scoliosis and anaesthetic considerations
Anand H Kulkarni, M Ambareesha
November-December 2007, 51(6):486-495
Scoliosis may be of varied etiology and tends to cause a restrictive ventilatory defect, along with ventilation-perfusion mismatch and hypoxemia. There is also cardiovascular involvement in the form of raised right heart pressures, mitral valve prolapse or congenital heart disease. Thus a careful pre-anaesthetic evaluation and optimization should be done. Intraoperatively temperature and fluid balance, positioning, spinal cord integrity testing and blood conservation techniques are to be kept in mind. Postoperatively, intensive respiratory therapy and pain management are prime concerns.
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ARTICLES
Management of perioperative arrhythmias
N Dua, VP Kumra
July-August 2007, 51(4):310-310
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SPECIAL ARTICLES
Paediatric Spinal Anesthesia
Rakhee Goyal, Kavitha Jirtjil, BB Baj, Sunil Singh, Santosh Kumar
May-June 2008, 52(3):264-272
Paediatric spinal anesthesia is not only a safe alternative to general anaesthesia but often the anaesthesia technique of choice in many lower abdominal and lower limb surgeries in children. The misconception regarding its safety and feasibility is broken and is now found to be even more cost-effective. It is a much preferred technique especially for the common daycase surgeries generally performed in the paediatric age group. There is no requirement of any additional expensive equipment either and this procedure can be easily performed in peripheral centers. However, greater acceptance and experience is yet desired for this technique to become popular.
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REVIEW ARTICLES
The basic anaesthesia machine
CL Gurudatt
September-October 2013, 57(5):438-445
DOI
:10.4103/0019-5049.120138
PMID
:24249876
After WTG Morton's first public demonstration in 1846 of use of ether as an anaesthetic agent, for many years anaesthesiologists did not require a machine to deliver anaesthesia to the patients. After the introduction of oxygen and nitrous oxide in the form of compressed gases in cylinders, there was a necessity for mounting these cylinders on a metal frame. This stimulated many people to attempt to construct the anaesthesia machine. HEG Boyle in the year 1917 modified the Gwathmey's machine and this became popular as Boyle anaesthesia machine. Though a lot of changes have been made for the original Boyle machine still the basic structure remains the same. All the subsequent changes which have been brought are mainly to improve the safety of the patients. Knowing the details of the basic machine will make the trainee to understand the additional improvements. It is also important for every practicing anaesthesiologist to have a thorough knowledge of the basic anaesthesia machine for safe conduct of anaesthesia.
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Labour analgesia: Recent advances
Sunil T Pandya
September-October 2010, 54(5):400-408
DOI
:10.4103/0019-5049.71033
PMID
:21189877
Advances in the field of labour analgesia have tread a long journey from the days of ether and chloroform in 1847 to the present day practice of comprehensive programme of labour pain management using evidence-based medicine. Newer advances include introduction of newer techniques like combined spinal epidurals, low-dose epidurals facilitating ambulation, pharmacological advances like introduction of remifentanil for patient-controlled intravenous analgesia, introduction of newer local anaesthetics and adjuvants like ropivacaine, levobupivacaine, sufentanil, clonidine and neostigmine, use of inhalational agents like sevoflourane for patient-controlled inhalational analgesia using special vaporizers, all have revolutionized the practice of pain management in labouring parturients. Technological advances like use of ultrasound to localize epidural space in difficult cases minimizes failed epidurals and introduction of novel drug delivery modalities like patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) pumps and computer-integrated drug delivery pumps have improved the overall maternal satisfaction rate and have enabled us to customize a suitable analgesic regimen for each parturient. Recent randomized controlled trials and Cochrane studies have concluded that the association of epidurals with increased caesarean section and long-term backache remains only a myth. Studies have also shown that the newer, low-dose regimes do not have a statistically significant impact on the duration of labour and breast feeding and also that these reduce the instrumental delivery rates thus improving maternal and foetal safety. Advances in medical technology like use of ultrasound for localizing epidural space have helped the clinicians to minimize the failure rates, and many novel drug delivery modalities like PCEA and computer-integrated PCEA have contributed to the overall maternal satisfaction and safety.
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Mapleson's breathing systems
Tej K Kaul, Geeta Mittal
September-October 2013, 57(5):507-515
DOI
:10.4103/0019-5049.120148
PMID
:24249884
Mapleson breathing systems are used for delivering oxygen and anaesthetic agents and to eliminate carbon dioxide during anaesthesia. They consist of different components: Fresh gas flow, reservoir bag, breathing tubes, expiratory valve, and patient connection. There are five basic types of Mapleson system: A, B, C, D and E depending upon the different arrangements of these components. Mapleson F was added later. For adults, Mapleson A is the circuit of choice for spontaneous respiration where as Mapleson D and its Bains modifications are best available circuits for controlled ventilation. For neonates and paediatric patients Mapleson E and F (Jackson Rees modification) are the best circuits. In this review article, we will discuss the structure of the circuits and functional analysis of various types of Mapleson systems and their advantages and disadvantages.
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Monitoring Devices for Measuring the Depth of Anaesthesia - An Overview
Prabhat Kumar Sinha, Thomas Koshy
September-October 2007, 51(5):365-365
Achieving adequate depth of anaesthesia during surgical procedures is desirable. Therefore, assessment and monitoring/ measurement of the depth of anaesthesia are fundamental to anaesthetic practice. The purpose of this review is to identify the risk factors that may be associated with intraoperative awareness, provide decision tools that may enable the clinician to reduce the frequency of unintended intraoperative awareness, stimulate the pursuit and evaluation of strategies that may prevent or reduce the frequency of intraoperative awareness, different types of tools developed to date to monitor the depth of anaesthesia, provide guidance for the intraoperative use of different monitoring tools as they relate to intraoperative awareness and how to approach a patient when awareness is reported by the patient along with current guidelines in the use of current available monitors.
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ORIGINAL ARTICLES
Are cardiac surgical patients at increased risk of difficult intubation?
Deepak Prakash Borde, Savani Sameer Futane, Vijay Daunde, Sujata Zine, Nayana Joshi, Sumit Jaiswal, Sadhana Chinchole, Prasannakumar Kulkarni, Amit Hiwarkar, Priti Bhagyawant, Dilip Deshmukh, Manisha Takalkar
August 2017, 61(8):629-635
DOI
:10.4103/ija.IJA_283_17
PMID
:28890557
Background and Aims:
Safe airway management is the cornerstone of contemporary anaesthesia practice, and difficult intubation (DI) remains a major cause of anaesthetic morbidity and mortality. The surgical category, particularly cardiac surgery as a risk factor for DI has not been studied extensively. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis whether cardiac surgical patients are at increased risk of DI.
Methods:
During the study, 627 patients (329 cardiac and 298 non-cardiac surgical) were enrolled. Pre-operative demographic and other variables associated with DI were assessed. Patients with Cormack Lehane grade III and IV or use of bougie in Cormack grade II were defined as DI. The incidence of anticipated and unanticipated DI was assessed. Factors associated with DI were described using univariate and multivariate logistic regression models.
Results:
The overall incidence of DI was 122/627 (19.46%). The incidence of DI was higher in cardiac surgery patients (24%) as compared to non-cardiac surgery patients (14.4%
P
= 0.002). On multivariate analysis, factors independently associated with DI were greater age, male sex, higher Mallampati grade, and anticipated DI, but not cardiac surgery. The incidence of unanticipated DI was 48.1% and 53.4% in cardiac and non-cardiac surgery patients, respectively.
Conclusion:
Although there was a higher incidence of DI in cardiac surgical patients, cardiac surgery is not an independent risk factor for DI. Rather, other factors play more important role. About half of the DI both in cardiac and non-cardiac surgeries were unanticipated.
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REVIEW ARTICLES
Anaesthesia for neurosurgical procedures in paediatric patients
Girija Prasad Rath, Hari H Dash
September-October 2012, 56(5):502-510
DOI
:10.4103/0019-5049.103979
PMID
:23293391
Recent advances in neurosurgery, neuromonitoring and neurointensive care have dramatically improved the outcome in patients affected by surgical lesions of central nervous system (CNS). Although most of these techniques were applied first in the adult population, paediatric patients present a set of inherent challenges because of their developing and maturing neurological and physiological status, apart from the CNS disease process. To provide optimal neuroanaesthesia care, the anaesthesiologist must have the knowledge of basic neurophysiology of developing brain and effects of various drugs on cerebral haemodynamics apart from the specialised training on paediatric neuroanaesthesia. This article highlights on the perioperative management of paediatric neurosurgical patients.
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Overview of the coagulation system
Sanjeev Palta, Richa Saroa, Anshu Palta
September-October 2014, 58(5):515-523
DOI
:10.4103/0019-5049.144643
PMID
:25535411
Coagulation is a dynamic process and the understanding of the blood coagulation system has evolved over the recent years in anaesthetic practice. Although the traditional classification of the coagulation system into extrinsic and intrinsic pathway is still valid, the newer insights into coagulation provide more authentic description of the same. Normal coagulation pathway represents a balance between the pro coagulant pathway that is responsible for clot formation and the mechanisms that inhibit the same beyond the injury site. Imbalance of the coagulation system may occur in the perioperative period or during critical illness, which may be secondary to numerous factors leading to a tendency of either thrombosis or bleeding. A systematic search of literature on PubMed with MeSH terms 'coagulation system, haemostasis and anaesthesia revealed twenty eight related clinical trials and review articles in last 10 years. Since the balance of the coagulation system may tilt towards bleeding and thrombosis in many situations, it is mandatory for the clinicians to understand physiologic basis of haemostasis in order to diagnose and manage the abnormalities of the coagulation process and to interpret the diagnostic tests done for the same.
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Basic statistical tools in research and data analysis
Zulfiqar Ali, S Bala Bhaskar
September 2016, 60(9):662-669
DOI
:10.4103/0019-5049.190623
PMID
:27729694
Statistical methods involved in carrying out a study include planning, designing, collecting data, analysing, drawing meaningful interpretation and reporting of the research findings. The statistical analysis gives meaning to the meaningless numbers, thereby breathing life into a lifeless data. The results and inferences are precise only if proper statistical tests are used. This article will try to acquaint the reader with the basic research tools that are utilised while conducting various studies. The article covers a brief outline of the variables, an understanding of quantitative and qualitative variables and the measures of central tendency. An idea of the sample size estimation, power analysis and the statistical errors is given. Finally, there is a summary of parametric and non-parametric tests used for data analysis.
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Anaemia and pregnancy: Anaesthetic implications
Anju Grewal
September-October 2010, 54(5):380-386
DOI
:10.4103/0019-5049.71026
PMID
:21189874
Anaemia in pregnancy defined as haemoglobin (Hb) level of < 10 gm/dL, is a qualitative or quantitative deficiency of Hb or red blood cells in circulation resulting in reduced oxygen (O
2
)-carrying capacity of the blood. Compensatory mechanisms in the form of increase in cardiac output (CO), PaO
2
, 2,3 diphosphoglycerate levels, rightward shift in the oxygen dissociation curve (ODC), decrease in blood viscosity and release of renal erythropoietin, get activated to variable degrees to maintain tissue oxygenation and offset the decreases in arterial O
2
content. Parturients with concomitant medical diseases or those with acute ongoing blood losses may get decompensated, leading to serious consequences like right heart failure, angina or tissue hypoxemia in severe anaemia. Preoperative evaluation is aimed at assessing the severity and cause of anaemia. The concept of an acceptable Hb level varies with the underlying medical condition, extent of physiological compensation, the threat of bleeding and ongoing blood losses. The main anaesthetic considerations are to minimize factors interfering with O
2
delivery, prevent any increase in oxygen consumption and to optimize the partial pressure of O
2
in the arterial blood. Both general anaesthesia and regional anaesthesia can be employed judiciously. Monitoring should focus mainly on the adequacy of perfusion and oxygenation of vital organs. Hypoxia, hyperventilation, hypothermia, acidosis and other conditions that shift the ODC to left should be avoided. Any decrease in CO should be averted and aggressively treated.
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SPECIAL ARTICLE
Consent and the Indian medical practitioner
Ajay Kumar, Parul Mullick, Smita Prakash, Aseem Bharadwaj
November 2015, 59(11):695-700
DOI
:10.4103/0019-5049.169989
PMID
:26755833
Consent is a legal requirement of medical practice and not a procedural formality. Getting a mere signature on a form is no consent. If a patient is rushed into signing consent, without giving sufficient information, the consent may be invalid, despite the signature. Often medical professionals either ignore or are ignorant of the requirements of a valid consent and its legal implications. Instances where either consent was not taken or when an invalid consent was obtained have been a subject matter of judicial scrutiny in several medical malpractice cases. This article highlights the essential principles of consent and the Indian law related to it along with some citations, so that medical practitioners are not only able to safeguard themselves against litigations and unnecessary harassment but can act rightfully.
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th
March, 2010